The format of this document is
plain, homemade HTML (from DocOnce).
Abstract. This is a document with many test constructions for doconce syntax.
It was used heavily for the development and kept for testing
numerous constructions, also special and less common cases.
And exactly for test purposes we have an extra line here, which
is part of the abstract.
Section 1
Here is a nested list:
item1
item2
item3 which continues
on the next line to test that feature
and a sublist
with indented subitem1
and a subitem2
and perhaps an ordered sublist
first item
second item,
continuing on a new line
Here is a list with paragraph heading.
item1
item2
Here is a list with subsubsection heading
item1
item2
Here are two lines that make up
a block quote for testing emphasized words and boldface words,
also with hypens:
pre-fix, post-fix, pre-fix, post-fix.
Here are two references. Equation \eqref{my:eq1} is fine. Eq. \eqref{my:eq1} too.
Even Equation \eqref{my:eq1} without the tilde.
This equation appears in another part if this document is split.
Let us add a paragraph to
test that HTML,
with WordPress
(--wordpress option)
can handle linebreaks
correctly,
even when lines begin with
bold words and
verbatim words in
red color, and
links as well as math:
\( 1+1=2 \).
Test also that emphasize
at the end of line, and bold
works, as well as color
and links2
and verbatim
as well.
Let's do some copying from files too. First from subroutine up to the very end,
subroutine test()
integer i
real*8 r
r =0do i =1, i
r = r + i
end do return
C END1
program testme
call test()
return
and then just the subroutine,
subroutine test()
integer i
real*8 r
r =0do i =1, i
r = r + i
end do return
and finally the complete file with a plain text verbatim environment
(envir=ccq):
C a comment
subroutine test()
integer i
real*8 r
r = 0
do i = 1, i
r = r + i
end do
return
C END1
program testme
call test()
return
Testing other code environments. First Python:
!bc pycod
def f(x):
return x+1
!ec
which gets rendered as
deff(x):
return x+1
Test paragraph and subsubsection headings before
before code.
Paragraph heading before code.
importsys
sys.path.insert(0, os.pardir)
Subsubsection heading before code
defh(z):
return z+1
Now a complete program to be shown via Python Online Tutorial:
Some more Python code (actually specified as a sage cell, but
such cells are not supported by this format).
Then Cython (with -h option so it is hidden in html/sphinx):
cpdeff(double x):
return x +1
Standard Python shell sessions:
>>>fromnumpyimport linspace, sin
>>># Some comment>>> x = linspace(0, 2, 11)
>>> y = sin(x)
>>> y[0]
0>>>importmatplotlib.pyplotasplt>>> plt.plot(x, y)
Similar IPython sessions:
In [1]: fromnumpyimport linspace, sin
In [2]: # Some commentIn [3]: x = linspace(0, 2, 11)
In [4]: y = sin(x)
In [5]: y[0]
Out[5]: 0In [6]: importmatplotlib.pyplotaspltIn [7]: plt.plot(x, y)
In [8]: a='multiple-\nline\noutput'In [9]: a
Out[9]: 'multiple-\nline\noutput'In [10]: print(a)
multiple-lineoutput
Here is the interactive session again, but with pyshell-t.
>>>fromnumpyimport linspace, sin
>>># Some comment>>> x = linspace(0, 2, 11)
>>> y = sin(x)
>>> y[0]
0>>>importmatplotlib.pyplotasplt>>> plt.plot(x, y)
But inline HTML code is also important, like text that starts with
<a href=" (which can destroy the following text if not properly
quoted).
Matlab with comments requires special typesetting:
% Comment on the beginning of the line can be escaped by %%if a > b
% Indented comment needs this trick
c = a + b
end
And here is a system call:
Terminal> mkdir test
Terminal> cd test
Terminal> myprog -f
output1
output2
Any valid pygments lexer/language name can appear to, e.g.,
!bc restructuredtext
=======
Heading
=======
Some text.
!ec
results in
=======Heading=======
Some text.
Finally, !bc do supports highlighting of DocOnce source:
======= DocOnce test file ============ Computer code =====
Inline verbatim code, as in `import numpy as np`, is allowed, as well as
code blocks:
!bc pycod
from math import sin
def f(x):
"""Example on a function."""
return sin(x) + 1
print(f(0))
!ec
===== Mathematics =====
Formulas can be inline, as in $\nabla\cdot\boldsymbol{u} = 0$, or typeset
as equations:
!bt
\begin{align*}
\nabla\cdot\boldsymbol{u} &= 0,\\
\boldsymbol{u} &= \nabla\phi .
\end{align*}
!et
=== Subsubsection heading ===
DocOnce files can have chapters, sections, subsections, and subsubsections.
__Paragraph heading.__ Paragraphs may have headings.
It is time to test verbatim inline font especially with a newline
inside the text and an exclamation mark at the end: BEGIN! For
spellcheck, test a verbatim expression in another in a third.
Also test exclamation mark as in !bc and !ec as well as a != b.
Also test backslashes and braces like \begin, \begin{enumerate},
\end{this}\end{that}, and {something \inside braces}.
Here is some red color and an attempt to write with
green color containing a linebreak
code. Some formats will only display
this correctly when html
is the output format.
But here some more running text is added which is not part of
the previous blocks with line breaks.
Running OS commands
Terminal> python -c 'print("Testing\noutput\nfrom\nPython.")'
Testing
output
from
Python.
Footnotes
Here is a test of footnotes [1], which are handy in text.
They are used in different flavors, now in
list items (note below that footnotes work after math, verbatim, and URLs - bin fact old and emphasize too!)
which gives flexibility in writing.
This is the third [5] example.
1: Typesetting of the footnote depends on the format.
Plain text does nothing, LaTeX removes the
definition and inserts the footnote as part of the LaTeX text.
reStructuredText and Sphinx employ a similar type of typesetting
as Extended Markdown and DocOnce, and in HTML we keep the same
syntax, just displayed properly in HTML.
2: Math footnotes can be dangerous since it
interferes with an exponent.
4:google.com is perhaps the most famous
web site today.
Here is some more text before a new definition of a footnote that was
used above.
Non-breaking space character
This paragraph aims to test non-breaking space character, and a typical
example where this is needed is in physical units: 7.4 km is traveled
in \( 7.4/5.5\approx 1.345 \) s. Also check that a link is
not broken across lines (drag the browser window to test this).
(On the other hand, the tilde is used in
computer code, e.g., as in [~x for x in y] or in y=~x, and should
of course remain a tilde in those contexts.)
Subsection 2: Testing figures
Test of figures. In particular we refer to Figure 1 in which
there is a flow.
Figure 1: Visualization of a wave.
Figures without captions are allowed and will be inlined.
Here is figure 2 with a long (illegal) multi-line caption
containing inline verbatim text:
Figure 2: A long caption spanning several lines and containing verbatim words like my_file_v1 and my_file_v2 as well as math with subscript as in \( t_{i+1} \).
Test URL as figure name:
Test SVG figure:
HTML output may feature Bokeh plots:
Remark.
Movies are tested in separate file movies.do.txt.
The \( \theta \) parameter (not \( \nabla \)?)
Functions do not always need to be advanced, here is one
involving \( \theta \):
def f(theta):
return theta**2
More on \( \theta \).
Here is more text following headline with math.
Newcommands must also be tested in this test report:
\( \frac{1}{2} \), \( {1/2} \), \( \pmb{x} \), \( \frac{Du}{dt} \),
both inline and in block:
$$
\begin{align}
\frac{Du}{dt} &= 0\nonumber
\\
\frac{1}{2} &= {1/2}
\label{_auto1}\\
\frac{1}{2}\pmb{x} &= \pmb{n}
\label{_auto2}
\end{align}
$$
Or with align with label and numbers:
$$
\begin{align}
\frac{Du}{dt} &= 0
\label{aligneq1}
\\
\frac{1}{2} &= {1/2}
\label{_auto3}\\
\frac{1}{2}\pmb{x} &= \pmb{n}
\label{aligneq2}
\end{align}
$$
First one numbered (automatically):
$$
\begin{align}
\begin{pmatrix}
G_2 + G_3 & -G_3 & -G_2 & 0 \\
-G_3 & G_3 + G_4 & 0 & -G_4 \\
-G_2 & 0 & G_1 + G_2 & 0 \\
0 & -G_4 & 0 & G_4
\end{pmatrix}
&=
\begin{pmatrix}
v_1 \\
v_2 \\
v_3 \\
v_4
\end{pmatrix}
+ \cdots \label{_auto4}
\\
\begin{pmatrix}
C_5 + C_6 & -C_6 & 0 & 0 \\
-C_6 & C_6 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 0
\end{pmatrix}
&= \frac{d}{dt}\begin{pmatrix}
v_1 \\
v_2 \\
v_3 \\
v_4
\end{pmatrix} +
\begin{pmatrix}
0 \\
0 \\
0 \\
-i_0
\end{pmatrix}
\nonumber
\label{_auto5}
\end{align}$$
Second numbered (automatically):
$$
\begin{align}
\begin{pmatrix}
G_1 + G_2\\
-G_3 & G_4
\end{pmatrix}
&=
\begin{pmatrix}
v_1 \\
v_2
\end{pmatrix}
+ \cdots\nonumber
\label{_auto6}
\\
\left(\begin{array}{ll}
y & 2\\
2 & 1
\end{array}\right)
\left(\begin{array}{ll}
0 \\ x
\end{array}\right)
&= \begin{pmatrix}
A \\ B
\end{pmatrix}
\label{_auto7}
\end{align}$$
Both numbered, with label by the user:
$$
\begin{align}
\begin{pmatrix}
G_1 + G_2\\
-G_3 & G_4
\end{pmatrix}
&=
\begin{pmatrix}
v_1 \\
v_2
\end{pmatrix}
+ \cdots \label{mymatrix:eq1}
\\
\label{mymatrix:eq2}
\left(\begin{array}{ll}
y & 2\\
2 & 1
\end{array}\right)
\left(\begin{array}{ll}
0 \\ x
\end{array}\right)
&= \begin{pmatrix}
A \\ B
\end{pmatrix}
\end{align}$$
Now we refer to \eqref{mymatrix:eq1}-\eqref{mymatrix:eq2}.
Custom Environments
Here is an attempt to create a theorem environment via Mako
(for counting theorems) and comment lines to help replacing lines in
the .tex by proper begin-end LaTeX environments for theorems.
Should look nice in most formats!
Theorem 5.
Let \( a=1 \) and \( b=2 \). Then \( c=3 \).
Proof.
Since \( c=a+b \), the result follows from straightforward addition.
\( \Diamond \)
As we see, the proof of Theorem 5 is a modest
achievement.
Here is yet another table to test that we can handle more than
one table:
time
velocity
acceleration
0.0
1.4186
-5.01
1.0
1.376512
11.919
3.0
1.1E+1
14.717624
And one with math headings (that are expanded and must be treated
accordingly), verbatim heading and entry, and no space around the pipe
symbol:
\( i \)
\( h_i \)
\( \bar T_i \)
L_i
0
0
288
-0.0065
1
11,000
216
0.0
2
20,000
216
0.001
3
32,000
228
0.0028
4
47,000
270
0.0
5
51,000
270
-0.0028
6
71,000
214
NaN
And add one with verbatim headings (with underscores),
and rows starting with |- because of a negative number,
and | right before and after verbatim word (with no space):
exact
v_1
\( a_i \) + v_2
verb_3_
9
9.62
5.57
8.98
-20
-23.39
-7.65
-19.93
10
17.74
-4.50
9.96
0
-9.19
4.13
-0.26
Pipe symbols in verbatim and math text in tables used to pose difficulties,
but not
anymore:
\( S \)
command
$ ||a_0|| $
norm|length
\( x\cap y \)
x|y
Here is a table with X alignment:
Type
Description
X
Alignment character that is used for specifying a potentially very long text in a column in a table. It makes use of the tabularx package in LaTeX, otherwise (for other formats) it means l (centered alignment).
l,r,c
standard alignment characters
Finally, a table with math
(bm that expands to boldsymbol, was tricky, but
cleanly handled now)
and URLs.
\( \mathcal{L}=0 \)
\( a=b \)
\( \nabla\cdot\boldsymbol{u} =0 \)
A test of verbatim words in heading with subscript \( a_i \): my_file_v1 and my_file_v2
Paragraph with verbatim and math: my_file_v1.py and my_file_v2.py define some math \( a_{i-1} \).
Here is more __verbatim__ code and
some plain text on a new line.
Just bold
Some text.
Just emphasize
Some text.
Just verbatim
Some text.
Bold beginning
Some text.
Emphasize beginning
Some text.
Verbatim beginning
Some text.
Maybe bold end
Some text.
Maybe emphasize end
Some text.
Maybe verbatim end
Some text.
The middle has bold word
Some text.
The middle has emphasize word
Some text.
The middle has verbatim word
Some text.
Just emphasize.
Some text.
Just verbatim.
Some text.
Emphasize beginning.
Some text.
Verbatim beginning.
Some text.
Maybe emphasize end.
Some text.
Maybe verbatim end.
Some text.
The middle has emphasize word.
Some text.
The middle has verbatim word.
Some text.
Ampersand.
We can test Hennes & Mauritz, often abbreviated H&M, but written
as Hennes & Mauritz and H & M.
A sole & must also work.
# Just to check that ampersand works in code blocks:
c = a & b
Quotes.
Let us also add a test of quotes such as "double quotes, with numbers
like 3.14 and newline/comma and hyphen (as in double-quote)"; written
in the standard LaTeX-style that gives correct LaTeX formatting and
ordinary double quotes for all non-LaTeX formats. Here is another
sentence that "caused" a bug in the past because double backtick
quotes could imply verbatim text up to a verbatim word starting with
period, like .txt.
More quotes to be tested for spellcheck:
("with parenthesis"), "with newline"
and "with comma", "hyphen"-wise, and "period".
Bibliography test
Here is an example: [1] discussed propagation of
large destructive water waves, [2] gave
an overview of numerical methods for solving the Navier–Stokes equations,
while the use of Backward Kolmogorov equations for analyzing
random vibrations was investigated in [3].
The book chapter [4] contains information on
C++ software tools for programming multigrid methods. A real retro
reference is [5] about a big FORTRAN package.
Multiple references are also possible, e.g., see
[1][4].
We need to cite more than 10 papers to reproduce an old formatting
problem with blanks in the keys in reST format:
[6][3][7][1]
and
[2][8][9][10][11][12][13]
and all the work of
[14][4][15] as well as
old work [5] and [16], and the
talk [17].
Langtangen also had two thesis [18][16]
back in the days.
More retro citations are
the old ME-IN323 book [19] and the
[20] OONSKI '94 paper.
Example 1: Examples can be typeset as exercises
Examples can start with a subsection heading starting with Example:
and then, with the command-line option --examples_as_exercises be
typeset as exercises. This is useful if one has solution
environments as part of the example.
a)
State some problem.
Solution.
The answer to this subproblem can be written here.
b)
State some other problem.
Hint 1.
A hint can be given.
Hint 2.
Maybe even another hint?
Solution.
The answer to this other subproblem goes here,
maybe over multiple doconce input lines.
User-defined environments
The example in the section Example 1: A test function demonstrates how to write a test function.
That is, a special test function for a function add appears in
the example in the section Example 1: A test function.
Example 1: A test function
Suppose we want to write a test function for checking the
implementation of a Python function for addition.
defadd(a, b):
return a + b
deftest_add():
a =1; b =1
expected = a + b
computed = add(a, b)
assert expected == computed
Example 2: Addition
We have
$$ 1 + 1 = 2 $$
or in tabular form:
Problem
Result
\( 1+1 \)
\( 2 \)
Highlight box!
This environment is used to highlight something:
$$ E = mc^2 $$
Here is an equation without label using backslash-bracket environment:
$$ a = b + c $$
or with number and label, as in \eqref{my:eq1}, using the equation environment:
$$
\begin{equation}
{\partial u\over\partial t} = \nabla^2 u \label{my:eq1}
\end{equation}
$$
We can refer to this equation by \eqref{my:eq1}.
Here is a system without equation numbers, using the align-asterisk environment:
$$
\begin{align*}
\pmb{a} &= \pmb{q}\times\pmb{n} \\
b &= \nabla^2 u + \nabla^4 v
\end{align*}
$$
And here is a system of equations with labels in an align environment:
$$
\begin{align}
a &= q + 4 + 5+ 6 \label{eq1} \\
b &= \nabla^2 u + \nabla^4 x \label{eq2}
\end{align}
$$
We can refer to \eqref{eq1}-\eqref{eq2}. They are a bit simpler than
the Navier–Stokes equations. And test LaTeX hyphen in CG-2.
Also test \( a_{i-j} \) as well as \( kx-wt \).
Testing alignat environment:
$$
\begin{alignat}{2}
a &= q + 4 + 5+ 6\qquad & \mbox{for } q\geq 0 \label{eq1a} \\
b &= \nabla^2 u + \nabla^4 x & x\in\Omega \label{eq2a}
\end{alignat}
$$
More mathematical typesetting is demonstrated in the coming exercises.
Below, we have Problem 2: Flip a Coin and Project 4: Compute a Probability,
as well as Project 5: Explore Distributions of Random Circles and Project 11: References in a headings do not work well in html, and in
between there we have Exercise 10: Make references to projects and problems.
Exercises
Problem 2: Flip a Coin
a)
Make a program that simulates flipping a coin \( N \) times.
Print out "tail" or "head" for each flip and
let the program count the number of heads.
Hint 1.
Use r = random.random() and define head as r <= 0.5.
Hint 2.
Draw an integer among \( \{1,2\} \) with
r = random.randint(1,2) and define head when r is 1.
b)
Vectorize the code in a) using boolean indexing.
Vectorized code can be written in many ways.
Sometimes the code is less intuitive, sometimes not.
At least there is not much to find in the section Section 1.
c)
Vectorize the code in a) using numpy.sum.
In this latter subexercise, we have an
example where the code is easy to read.
My remarks
Remarks with such a subsubsection is treated as more text
after the last subexercise. Test a list too:
Mark 1.
Mark 2.
Filenames: flip_coin.py, flip_coin.pdf.
Remarks
These are the exercise remarks, appearing at the very end.
Not an exercise
Should be possible to stick a normal section in the middle of many
exercises.
Exercise 3: Test of plain text exercise
Very short exercise. What is the capital
of Norway?
Filename: myexer1.
Project 4: Compute a Probability
What is the probability of getting a number between 0.5 and 0.6 when
drawing uniformly distributed random numbers from the interval \( [0,1) \)?
At the end we have a list because that caused problems in LaTeX
in previous DocOnce versions:
item1
item2
Hint.
To answer this question empirically, let a program
draw \( N \) such random numbers using Python's standard random module,
count how many of them, \( M \), that fall in the interval \( (0.5,0.6) \), and
compute the probability as \( M/N \).
Project 5: Explore Distributions of Random Circles
The formula for a circle is given by
$$
\begin{align}
x &= x_0 + R\cos 2\pi t,
\label{circle:x}\\
y &= y_0 + R\sin 2\pi t,
\label{circle:y}
\end{align}
$$
where \( R \) is the radius of the circle, \( (x_0,y_0) \) is the
center point, and \( t \) is a parameter in the unit interval \( [0,1] \).
For any \( t \), \( (x,y) \) computed from \eqref{circle:x}-\eqref{circle:y}
is a point on the circle.
The formula can be used to generate n points on a circle:
importnumpyasnpdefcircle(R, x0, y0, n=501):
t = np.linspace(0, 1, n)
x = x0 + R*np.cos(2*np.pi*t)
y = y0 + R*np.sin(2*np.pi*t)
return x, y
x, y = circle(2.0, 0, 0)
The goal of this project is to draw \( N \) circles with random
center and radius. Plot each circle using the circle function
above.
a)
Let \( R \) be normally distributed and \( (x_0,y_0) \) uniformly distributed.
Hint.
Use the numpy.random module to draw the
\( x_0 \), \( y_0 \), and \( R \) quantities.
b)
Let \( R \) be uniformly distributed and \( (x_0,y_0) \) normally distributed.
Filename: norm.
c)
Let \( R \) and \( (x_0,y_0) \) be normally distributed.
Filename: circles.
Remarks
At the very end of the exercise it may be appropriate to summarize
and give some perspectives.
Exercise 6: Determine some Distance
Intro to this exercise. Questions are in subexercises below.
a)
Subexercises are numbered a), b), etc.
Hint 1.
First hint to subexercise a).
With math \( a=b \) in hint:
$$ a=b. $$
And with code (in plain verbatim) returning \( x+1 \) in hint:
def func(x):
return x + 1 # with code in hint
Hint 2.
Second hint to subexercise a).
Test list in hint:
item1
item2
Filename: subexer_a.pdf.
b)
Here goes the text for subexercise b).
Some math \( \cos^2 x + \sin^2 x = 1 \) written one a single line:
$$ \cos^2 x + \sin^2 x = 1 \thinspace .$$
Hint.
A hint for this subexercise.
Filename: subexer_b.pdf.
The text here belongs to the main (intro) part of the exercise. Need
closing remarks to have text after subexercises.
Test list in exercise:
item1
item2
Remarks
Some final closing remarks, e.g., summarizing the main findings
and their implications in other problems can be made. These
remarks will appear at the end of the typeset exercise.
Some exercise without the "Exercise:" prefix
Just some text. And some math saying that \( e^0=1 \) on a single line,
to test that math block insertion is correct:
$$ \exp{(0)} = 1 $$
And a test that the code lambda x: x+2 is correctly placed here:
lambda x: x+2
Exercise 8: Solution of differential equation
Given
$$ \frac{dy}{dx} = -y(x),\quad y(0)=1 $$
What is the solution of this equation?
Choice A:
\( y=e^{-y} \)
Choice B:
\( y=e^{y} \)
Choice C:
frommathimport exp
deff(x):
return exp(x)
Choice D:
The solution cannot be found because there is a derivative in the equation.
Choice E:
The equation is meaningless: an equation must be an equation
for \( x \) or \( y \), not a function \( y(x) \).
Example 9: Just an example
a)
What is the capital of Norway?
Answer.
Oslo.
Here goes another section
With some text, before we continue with exercises.
More Exercises
Exercise 10: Make references to projects and problems
a) Solution.
The answer to this subproblem can be written here.
b) Solution.
The answer to this other subproblem goes here,
maybe over multiple doconce input lines.
Problem 2: Flip a Coin
a) Answer.
If the random.random() function returns a number \( < 1/2 \), let it be
head, otherwise tail. Repeat this \( N \) number of times.
a) Solution.
importsys,random
N =int(sys.argv[1])
heads =0for i inrange(N):
r = random.random()
if r <=0.5:
heads +=1print('Flipping a coin %d times gave %d heads'% (N, heads))
c) Answer.np.sum(np.where(r <= 0.5, 1, 0)) or np.sum(r <= 0.5).
Project 5: Explore Distributions of Random Circles
a) Answer.
Here goes the short answer to part a).
a) Solution.
Here goes a full solution to part a).
Exercise 6: Determine some Distance
Solution.
Here goes a full solution of the whole exercise.
With some math \( a=b \) in this solution:
$$ \hbox{math in solution: } a = b $$
And code a=b in this solution:
a = b # code in solution
End of solution is here.
a) Answer.
Short answer to subexercise a).
With math in answer: \( a=b \).
b) Solution.
Here goes the solution of this subexercise.
Example 9: Just an example
References
H. P. Langtangen and G. Pedersen.
Propagation of Large Destructive Waves,
International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering,
7(1),
pp. 187-204,
2002.
H. P. Langtangen, K.-A. Mardal and R. Winther.
Numerical Methods for Incompressible Viscous Flow,
Advances in Water Resources,
25,
pp. 1125-1146,
2002.
H. P. Langtangen.
Numerical Solution of First Passage Problems in Random Vibrations,
SIAM Journal of Scientific and Statistical Computing,
15,
pp. 997-996,
1994.
K.-A. Mardal, G. W. Zumbusch and H. P. Langtangen.
Software Tools for Multigrid Methods,
Advanced Topics in Computational Partial Differential Equations -- Numerical Methods and Diffpack Programming,
edited by H. P. Langtangen and A. Tveito,
Springer,
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Edited book,
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H. P. Langtangen.
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M. Mortensen, H. P. Langtangen and G. N. Wells.
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34(9),
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2011.
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International Journal of Fluid Mechanics Research,
33(1),
pp. 15-43,
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Appendix: Just for testing; part I
This is the first appendix.
A subsection within an appendix
Some text.
Appendix: Just for testing; part II
This is more stuff for an appendix.
Appendix: Testing identical titles
Without label.
Appendix: Testing identical titles
With label.
Appendix: Testing identical titles
What about inserting a quiz?
Test of quizzes
Fundamental test: What is the capital of Norway?
Answer 1:
Stockholm
Answer 2:
London
Answer 3:
Oslo
Choice D:
Bergen
Appendix: Testing identical titles
Without label.
Tip
Here is a tip or hint box, typeset as a notice box.
Need a lot of text to surround the summary box.
Version control systems allow you to record the history of files
and share files among several computers and collaborators in a
professional way. File changes on one computer are updated or
merged with changes on another computer. Especially when working
with programs or technical reports it is essential
to have changes documented and to
ensure that every computer and person involved in the project
have the latest updates of the files.
Greg Wilson' excellent Script for Introduction to Version Control provides a more detailed motivation why you will benefit greatly
from using version control systems.
Summary
Bold remark: Make some text with this summary.
Much testing in this document, otherwise stupid content.
Much testing in this document, otherwise stupid content.
Much testing in this document, otherwise stupid content.
Much testing in this document, otherwise stupid content.
Much testing in this document, otherwise stupid content.
Much testing in this document, otherwise stupid content.
Much testing in this document, otherwise stupid content.
Much testing in this document, otherwise stupid content.
Much testing in this document, otherwise stupid content.
Projects that you want to share among several computers or project
workers are today most conveniently stored at some web site "in the
cloud" and updated through communication with that site. I strongly
recommend you to use such sites for all serious programming and
scientific writing work - and all other important files.
The simplest services for hosting project files are Dropbox and Google Drive.
It is very easy to get started with these systems, and they allow you
to share files among laptops and mobile units with as many users as
you want. The systems offer a kind of version control in that the
files are stored frequently (several times per minute), and you can go
back to previous versions for the last 30 days. However, it is
challenging to find the right version from the past when there are
so many of them.
More seriously, when several people may edit files simultaneously, it
can be difficult detect who did what when, roll back to previous
versions, and to manually merge the edits when these are
incompatible. Then one needs more sophisticated tools than Dropbox or
Google Drive: project hosting services with true version control
systems. The following text aims at providing you with the minimum
information to started with such systems. Numerous other tutorials
contain more comprehensive material and in-depth explanations of the
concepts and tools.
The idea with project hosting services is that you have the files
associated with a project in the cloud. Many people may share these
files. Every time you want to work on the project you explicitly
update your version of the files, edit the files as you like, and
synchronize the files with the "master version" at the site where the
project is hosted. If you at some point need to go back to a
version of the files at some particular point in the past,
this is an easy operation. You can also use tools to see
what various people have done with the files in the various versions.
All these services are very similar. Below we describe how you get
started with Bitbucket, GitHub, and Googlecode. Launchpad works very
similarly to the latter three. All the project hosting services have
excellent introductions available at their web sites, but the recipes
below are much shorter and aim at getting you started as quickly as
possible by concentrating on the most important need-to-know steps.
The Git tutorials we refer to later in this document contain more
detailed information and constitute of course very valuable readings
when you use version control systems every day. The point now is
to get started.
Appendix: Testing inline comments
Projects that you want to share among several computers or project
workers are today most conveniently stored at some web site "in the
cloud" and updated through communication with that
site.
(hpl's semi opinion 1: not sure if in the cloud is understood by all.)
I strongly recommend you to use such sites for all serious
programming and scientific writing work - and all other important
files.
The simplest services for hosting project files is Dropbox.
(mp 2: Simply go to https://dropbox.com and watch the video. It explains how files, like myfile.py, perhaps containing much math, like \( \partial u/\partial t \), are easily communicated between machines.)
It
is very easy to get started with Dropbox, and it allows you to share
files among (hpl 3:) laptops and mobile units computers, tablets, and phones.
First, (edit 4: add comma) consider a quantity \( Q \). (edit 5:) To this end, We note that
\( Q>0 \), because (edit 6:) a negative (edit 7:) quantity is quantities are (edit 8:) just negative. (edit 9:) This comes as no surprise.
Let us refer to Figure 1 again.
Test references in a list:
Appendix: Testing headings ending with verbatim inline
The point here is to test 1) verbatim code in headings, and 2)
ending a heading with verbatim code as this triggers a special
case in LaTeX.
We also test mdash—used as alternative to hyphen without spaces around,
or in quotes:
Fun is fun.—Unknown.
The ndash should also be tested – as in the Hanson–Nilson equations
on page 277–278.
And finally, what about admons, quotes, and boxes? They are tested
in a separate document: admon.do.txt.
5: Not much to add here, but the footnote
is at the end with only one newline.